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For patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, tumor treating fields (TTF) combined with temozolomide after radiation therapy is currently one of the standard therapeutic regimens. Recently, TTF has been increasingly applied in combination with radiation therapy since it can delay tumor DNA repair and increase DNA replication stress. The efficacy of TTF has been proven in clinical studies. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the theoretical basis, radiation dose, actual clinical operation, patients' benefit and safety, which remain controversial. In this article, research progress on these topics was reviewed.
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Objective: To establish a rapid and specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic nucleocapsid RNA (SgN) in patients with COVID-19 or environmental samples. Methods: The qPCR assay was established by designing specific primers and TaqMan probe based on the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence in Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. The reaction conditions were optimized by using different annealing temperature, different primers and probe concentrations and the standard curve was established. Further, the specificity, sensitivity and repeatability were also assessed. The established SgN and genomic RNA (gRNA) qPCR assays were both applied to detect 21 environmental samples and 351 clinical samples containing 48 recovered patients. In the specimens with both positive gRNA and positive SgN, 25 specimens were inoculated on cells. Results: The primers and probes of SgN had good specificity for SARS-CoV-2. The minimum detection limit of the preliminarily established qPCR detection method for SgN was 1.5×102 copies/ml, with a coefficient of variation less than 1%. The positive rate of gRNA in 372 samples was 97.04% (361/372). The positive rates of SgN in positive environmental samples and positive clinical samples were 36.84% (7/19) and 49.42% (169/342), respectively. The positive rate and copy number of SgN in Wild strain were lower than those of SARS-CoV-2 Delta strain. Among the 25 SgN positive samples, 12 samples within 5 days of sampling time were all isolated with virus; 13 samples sampled for more than 12 days had no cytopathic effect. Conclusion: A qPCR method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 SgN has been successfully established. The sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of this method are good.
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Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/diagnóstico , RNA Subgenômico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , RNA Viral/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Nucleocapsídeo/química , Teste para COVID-19RESUMO
Objective:To explore the value of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO 2) and anesthesia depth monitoring in predicting postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients with non-macrovascular surgery. Methods:A retrospective analysis of 147 patients with non-macrovascular surgery under general anesthesia admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from August 2017 to June 2019 was performed and divided into the POCD group ( n=37) and the non-POCD group ( n=110) according to the presence/absence of postoperative POCD. The changes of bispectral index (BIS) and rScO 2 in patients before anesthesia induction (T 0), endotracheal intubation (T 1), 2 hours after operation (T 2), after operation (T 3), and at extubation (T 4) were recorded, and the predictive value for the occurrence of POCD was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in anesthesia time, operation time and operation type between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in BIS and rScO 2 levels between the two groups at T 0, T 1 and T 4 ( P>0.05). BIS and rScO 2 levels in the POCD group at T 2 and T 3 were lower than those in the non-POCD ( P<0.05). Both BIS and rScO 2 of the two groups reached the lowest value at T 2, and the reduction rate of rScO 2 in the POCD group was higher than that in the non-POCD group [(31.84±3.27)% vs (14.81±2.52)%, P<0.05]. The ROC curve of BIS-T 2, rScO 2-T 2, BIS-T 3, rScO 2-T 3, rScO 2 reduction from the baseline value to predict POCD in patients with non-macrovascular surgery was plotted, and the AUCs were 0.514, 0.617, 0.505, 0.633, 0.724, respectively. The highest AUC value of 0.808 was found for combined detection at T 2 (rScO 2 and BIS). Conclusions:The combined detection of intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation and anesthesia depth monitoring is of good clinical application value in predicting postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients with non-macrovascular surgery.
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Objective To explore the mechanism of the role of Salubrinal in regulating the radiation-induced apoptosis of oral cancer cells.Methods Radioresistant KBR cell line was constructed (4 Gy per fraction,every 7-10 d for 4 times).The radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells after Salubrinal pretreatment was measured by colony formation assay.The expression levels of NF-κB-HIF-1o signaling pathway and apoptosis biomarker cleaved PARP in oral cancer cells were measured by Western blot.The apoptosis rate was detected by Annexin V,PI staining and flow cytometry.Results Colony formation assay demonstrated that Salubrinal increased the radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells.The radiosensitization ratios of KB and KBR cells were 1.19 and 1.24.Western blot revealed that the activation of NF-κB-HIF-1α was time-dependent in the radiation-induced oral cancer cells,whereas Salubrinal inhibited the radiation-induced abnormal activation.In addition,Salubrinal increased the expression of apoptosis biomarker cleaved PARP and apoptosis index in radiation-induced oral cancer cells,whereas TNF-α,an activator of NF-κB,reversed the effect,suggesting that Salubrinal increased the apoptosis of radiation-induced oral cancer cells by suppressing the activation of NF-κB.Pretreatment of NF-κB inhibitor Bay1 1-7082 also increased the cell apoptosis.The expression levels of cleaved PARP of KB and KBR cell lines in the Bay11-7082+IR group were 2.67±0.26 and 1.91±0.17,significantly higher compared with 2.1±0.16 and 1.44±0.15 in the IR group (both P＜0.05).Conclusion Salubrinal can aggravate the apoptosis of radiation-induced oral cancer cells by inhibiting the radiation-induced activation of NF-κB,thereby regulating the radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells.
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Objective@#To explore the mechanism of the role of Salubrinal in regulating the radiation-induced apoptosis of oral cancer cells.@*Methods@#Radioresistant KBR cell line was constructed (4 Gy per fraction, every 7-10 d for 4 times). The radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells after Salubrinal pretreatment was measured by colony formation assay. The expression levels of NF-κB-HIF-1α signaling pathway and apoptosis biomarker cleaved PARP in oral cancer cells were measured by Western blot. The apoptosis rate was detected by Annexin V, PI staining and flow cytometry.@*Results@#Colony formation assay demonstrated that Salubrinal increased the radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells. The radiosensitization ratios of KB and KBR cells were 1.19 and 1.24. Western blot revealed that the activation of NF-κB-HIF-1α was time-dependent in the radiation-induced oral cancer cells, whereas Salubrinal inhibited the radiation-induced abnormal activation. In addition, Salubrinal increased the expression of apoptosis biomarker cleaved PARP and apoptosis index in radiation-induced oral cancer cells, whereas TNF-α, an activator of NF-κB, reversed the effect, suggesting that Salubrinal increased the apoptosis of radiation-induced oral cancer cells by suppressing the activation of NF-κB. Pretreatment of NF-κB inhibitor Bay11-7082 also increased the cell apoptosis. The expression levels of cleaved PARP of KB and KBR cell lines in the Bay11-7082+ IR group were 2.67±0.26 and 1.91±0.17, significantly higher compared with 2.1±0.16 and 1.44±0.15 in the IR group (both P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Salubrinal can aggravate the apoptosis of radiation-induced oral cancer cells by inhibiting the radiation-induced activation of NF-κB, thereby regulating the radiosensitivity of oral cancer cells.
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Objective: To obtain and identify the exosomes derived from human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs). Methods: hSCAPs were cultured by modified tissue adherence method and the phenotypes were analyzed with stem cell surface markers CD105, CD45, CD44, CD31, CD34 and CD29. The capability of multi-differentiation in hSCAPs was identified by osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Exosomes were isolated from hSCAPs culture supernatants using gradient centrifugation methods. The size of vesicle was assessed by nanoparticle size analyzer. The morphology of exosomes was observed by transmission electronic microscope (TEM), and the expression of exosome molecular markers CD81, CD9, CD63 and TSG101 was analyzed by Western blotting. Results: hSCAPs were positive for the mesenchyme stem cell markers, including CD105, CD44 and CD29 and negative for the hematopoietic markers CD45, CD31 and CD34. hSCAPs could differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. hSCAPs secreted microvesicles which exhibited round vesicle structure with an intact membrane observed by the TEM. The results of nanoparticle size analyzer measurement showed that the diameters of vesicles were ranged from 30 to 100 nm, which were consistent with the results by TEM. Microvesicles could express the molecular markers for exosomes, i.e. CD81, CD9, CD63 and TSG101. Conclusion: The microvesicles were successfully isolated from hSCAPs and identified as exosomes.
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Objective@#To investigate the pyroptosis induced by different enteroviruses in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y and the differences among them.@*Methods@#SH-SY5Y cells were infected with nine strains of enterovirus respectively, including enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A (CA), Coxsackievirus B (CB), Echovirus (Echo). The cellular morphology of infected and control groups were observed and activity of Caspase-1 of infected and control groups were detected by flow cytometry at 48 h post infection.@*Results@#The activity of Caspase-1 induced by EV-A71 was higher than control (P<0.001), and the activity of Caspase-1 induced by EV-A71 isolated from severe case was significantly higher than that induced by EV-A71 isolated from common case (P<0.001). The activity of Caspase-1 induced by CA was at a lower level. The activity of Caspase-1 induced by CB and Echo were both significantly higher than that induced by EV-A71 and control (P<0.001). Cytopathic effects (CPE) were found to be related with the activity of Caspase-1.@*Conclusions@#EV-A71, CB and Echo all could induce pyroptosis mediated by Caspase-1 in SH-SY5Y cells, but the ability of CA to induce pyroptosis was at a lower level, which may provide evidences for further study on mechanism of neuropathy caused by enterovirus.
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In recent years, as the level of economic life has improved, the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus has increased year by year. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been a serious threat to maternal and newborn health. The pathogenesis of gestational diabetes is not very clear, and may be closely associated with insulin resistance, genetic susceptibility, inflammatory response, metabolic disorders. According to the gestational diabetes diagnostic standard,24-28 weeks pregnant women keep an empty stomach over 8 h, taken 75 g oral glucose directly, and then receive the oral glucose tolerance test. GDM is diagnosed as fasting blood-glucose> 5.1 mmol · L-1,1-hour postprandial blood glucose>10.0 mmol · L-1,and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose>8.5 mmol · L-1. Western medicine treatment is mainly based on diet, exercise, drugs, education, monitoring and insulin therapy according to blood glucose. Meanwhile, GDM is a type of diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine. GDM is prevented and treated with diets and traditional method sports and Chinese herbs. Therefore, integrated Chinese and western medicine therapy can maximize the curative effect, reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, and effectively improve the adverse outcome and prognosis of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus from mother to child.
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italic>Allium chinense belongs to the genus Alliums of the lily family. It can be used both as medicine and food. To date, the phylogenetic relationship of Allium species have not be resolved completely. Furthermore, there has been a lack of DNA barcode to distinguish closely related species. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of A. chinense was obtained using next generation DNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, and compared with that from other Allium species. The genome is a circular molecule of 152 525 bp with a typical quadripartite structure. Genome annotation identified a total of 116 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Analyses of sequences from six Allium species showed that the most diverse regions are found in the protein coding regions such as ndhA and ycf1 genes, and in the intergenic regions, such as ps16-trnQ, trnT-trnF, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL and rpl16-rps3. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 58 protein coding sequences from 53 species. All branches showed strong support with bootstrap scores reaching 66%-100%, except those for the Lilium and Paris. Our results suggest that the completed chloroplast genome could solve the classification problems of these species. Using EcoPrimer software, we identified seven markers from the chloroplast genomes, which can be used to differentiate congeneric species. In summary, we have sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of A. chinense, carried out phylogenetic analysis and identified a series of genus specific DNA barcode sequences. The results have laid the foundation for the systematical determination of the phylogenetic relationship of Allium species and the differentiation of species using the genus specific primers.
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Objective Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for more than 80% of malignant kidney tumors and its pathogenesis has not been elucidated. Our previous studies showed a positive correlation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) with the development, progression and poor prognosis of ccRCC. In this study, we first established a G6PD defect ccRCC stable cell line, detected the influence of G6PD knockdown on ccRCC migration, and provided a cell model for further studies on the functional and molecular mechanisms of G6PD in ccRCC.Methods Using the OligoEngine RNAi software, we designed siRNA targeting the human G6PD gene 3′ non-coding region and negative control siRNA sequences, inserted the double-stranded siRNA into the pSR-GFP/Neo expression vector through Bgl Ⅱ and Hind Ⅲ enzyme loci, and constructed Caki-1-G6PD siRNA and Caki-1-negative control cell lines, followed by transfection and G418 screening of the Caki-1 cells. We measured the expression and enzyme activity of G6PD in the cells by real-time RT-PCR, determined the cell migration phenotypes by Transwell assay, and detected the expressions of p-STAT3 and STAT3 by Western blot.Results Morphologically normal Caki-1-G6PD siRNA and Caki-1-negative control cells were seen under the fluorescence microscope. With GFP expression as a marker, the transfection efficiency rate of the cells was 45－55%. The density of the adherent cells at 48 hours was 90% and their transfection efficiency rate was over 60%. Compared with the Caki-1-negative control cells, the Caki-1-G6PD siRNA cells showed significant decreases in the expressions of Caki-1-G6PD mRNA and protein (P<0.01), enzyme activity (P<0.05), relative count of migratory cells (64.0±4.2 vs 30.0±2.9, P<0.01), and the ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3 (0.45±0.05 vs 0.24±0.01, P<0.01).Conclusion The Caki-1-G6PD siRNA cell line with stable G6PD knockdown and a lower migration ability was first successfully constructed, and the decreased migration ability induced by G6PD knockdown is associated with the STAT3 signal, which is contributive to an insight into the functional and molecular mechanisms of G6PD in the development and progression of ccRCC as well as to finding intervention targets for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) pre-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) sheets on new bone formation in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.@*Methods@#Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were induced by injection of streptozotocin, and the BMSC were isolated, controlled, identified and induced into cell sheets. Fifteen T2DM rats were randomly divided into control, sheets and Sema3A-sheets group and the calvarial critical size defect (CSD) model of rats were established. The defect zone of rats from control group were implanted with bone powder. The defect zone of rats from sheets group were implanted with bone powder and BMSC sheets. The defect zone of rats from Sema3A-sheets group were implanted with bone powder and BMSC sheets pretreated with 1.0 mg/L Sema3A. After 8 weeks, the bone samples were harvested and analyzed by micro-CT scanning, HE staining for the evaluation of new bone formation, and the immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins including type Ⅰ collagen (COL- Ⅰ ), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and osteocalcin (OCN).@*Results@#The BMSC were isolated and cultured, and oil red O and Alizarin red S staining proved the multi-potential differentiation. Eight weeks after the establishment of calvarial CSD model, Sema3A-sheet group showed the most abundant new bone formation (0.516±0.070), with increased bone volume fraction, namely bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) compared with sheets group (0.319±0.050) and control group (0.224±0.037) (P<0.05), and the sheets group showed increased BV/TV compared with control group (P<0.05). While trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) control group showed no difference in three groups (P>0.05). HE staining also confirmed that Sema3A-sheets group showed the most new bone formation. Sheet group (0.174±0.051) compared showed difference with control group (0.099±0.033) (P< 0.05), and Sema3A-sheet group (0.421±0.069) showed increased bone formation compared with sheet group and control group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that BMSC sheet increased the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins including COL-Ⅰ, BMP-2 and OCN, while Sema3A pretreatment showed more obvious increase of the expression of COL-Ⅰ and OCN.@*Conclusions@#The combined implantation of bone powder and Sema3A stimulated BMSC sheets significantly increased bone regeneration in vivo. Therefore, Sema3A pre-treated BMSC sheets transplantation provides a new strategy for restoring bone defect in T2DM.
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Objective·To investigate the effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to study the related mechanism.Methyls· hPDLCs were isolated and cultured,and CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of DIM on the proliferation of hPDLCs.hPDLCs were randomly divided into 4 groups:blank group (without LPS and DIM),LPS group (10 μg/mL LPS),10 μg/mL LPS+6.25 μg/mL DIM,10 μg/mL LPS+12.50 μg/mL DIM.The cells of all groups were cultured for 12 h.The protein levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in supernatant were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The change of mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways were detected by Western blotting.Results· The cell viability was not affected when the DIM concentration was less than 50 μmol/L (P＞0.05).DIM at 6.25 and 12.50 μg/mL reduced the LPS-induced expression of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 at protein levels (P＜0.05).DIM inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.Conclusion· DIM can reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in hPDLCs via restraining the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Objective To explore the mechanism underlying the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway inhibitor Salubrinal on enhancing the apoptosis of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.Methods Three types of head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines (KB,Fadu,Detroit562) were divided into the control,Salburinal (sal),irradiation (IR) and sal combined with IR (IR+sal) groups.The expression levels of p-ATM/ATM,DNA-PK and cleaved Caspase-3 were quantitatively measured.The cell apoptosis rate was detected among four groups.The effect of Salburinal on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay.Results Compared with the IR group,the expression level of p-ATM/ATM (t =3.5,8.43 and 9.42,all P＜0.05) was significantly up-regulated,whereas that of DNA-PK (t =9.19,17.44,16.67,all P＜ 0.05) was considerably down-regulated in the IR+sal group.The expression level of cleaved Caspase-3 in the IR+sal group was significantly higher compared with those in the other three groups (t=6.79,9.76 and 9.7g,all P＜0.05).Compared with the IR group,the cell apoptosis rate was significantly enhanced in the IR +sal group (t=5.67,6.95 and 7.28,all P＜0.05).Salubrinal exerted an effect upon the apoptosis of three cell lines in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.Conclusions As an endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway inhibitor,Salubrinal can enhance the apoptosis rate of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.The underlying mechanism is probably correlated with irradiation-induced DNA double strand injury,suppressing the repairing of DNA damage and thereby increasing the apoptosis of tumor cells.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of on-line matrix elimination together with ion chromatographic for determination of residual tetraethylammonium bromibde(TEAB) which acts as phase transfer catalyst in clopidogrel sulfate. METHODS: An ion excluding column Dionex IonPac NG1 was used for the separation of TEAB from clopidogrel sulfate, using 20 mmol·L-1 MSA as eluent. A pre-concentration column Dionex CG17 was used to enrich the trace TEAB. After being switched to analytical system, the separation was performed on Dionex ICS3000 using Dionex IonPac CS17 as analytical column, and suppressor was not required. 5 mmol·L-1 MSA containing 35% acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. RESULTS: The RSDs of retention time and peak area were good. The recoveries of TEAB were between 97.8%-103.3%. The calibration curves of analytes were linear in the range between 0.4 and 10.0 μg·mL-1. The limit of detection reached 0.2 μg·mL-1. CONCLUSION: This method can be applied to detect trace kation in pharmaceutical chemicals.
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Objective: To establish the optimal prescription and technique for preparing zedoary turmeric oil (ZTO) microcapsule. Methods: Using the diameter of microcapsule, microcapsule form, and embedding rate as indexes, the ratio of capsule materials, ratio of core material and capsule material, content of dry matter, content of additive, speed of emulsifying, time of emulsifying, temperature of wind and the power of feed were studied. Results: The optimal conditions for preparation of spray drying of ZTO microcapsule were as follows: gum Arabic-gelatin (1.0∶1.0), core material-capsule material (0.30∶1.0), PEG6000 content of 2%, dry matter content of 20%; The optimal technique was as follows: The emulsion speed was 10 600 r/min, emulsifying time was 9 min, temperature of inlet air was 160 ℃, and feed power was 6%. According to the optimum experimental conditions, the microcapsule was round relatively, the surface density was well, the particle size of microcapsule appeared uniform distribution, most concentrates in 1.0—2.5 μm, and showed good normal distribution, the average particle size was 1.913 μm, the embedding rate could reach 75.4%. Conclusion: This experiment can increase the stability of ZTO, cover up its bad smell, and raise the utilization ratio of drugs, the repeatability is also good.
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Objective To explore the effect of salubrinal (sal,an endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor) on radiosensitivity of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC).Methods Cells were divided into two groups of sal treatment and its control.For drug treatment group,cells were treated with 10 mmol/L sal for different time (12,24,36 h) and then irradiated.The levels of a core protein GRP78 of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in HNSCC (KB,Fadu,and Detroit 562 cells)were analyzed by Western blot assay at different time (0,20 min,1 h,3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h) after irradiation.Cell survival was measured with colony formation assay.Results Western blot assay revealed that the protein levels of GRP78 in three kinds of HNSCC significantly increased from 20 min to 1 h and peaked at 3 h after radiation (t =12.72,13.37,18.31,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,treatment of cells with sal decreased GRP78 protein levels (t =14.25,5.34,3.12,P ＜ 0.05) in three cell lines and also significantly enhanced radiation damage and reduced cell viability.The sensitization enhancement ratios (SER) of sal in three cell lines were 1.16,1.05 and 1.06,respectively.Conclusions Rradiosensitivity of HNSCC could be effectively enhanced by sal treatment.
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Methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency (T2 deficiency) is a rare congenital and metabolic disease affecting the ketone body and isoleucine metabolism. The typical symptoms are refractory metabolic acidosis, in which large amounts of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyry1 carnitine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and tiglylglycine are often detected in the blood and urine. We herein describe an atypical case of T2 deficiency with a high level of 3-hydroxybutyrate and a low level of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate in the urine. Such a case was diagnosed by urinary organic analysis in combination with gene mutation evaluation. Organic acids in the urine were measured using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer and all exons were sequenced via deep sequencing. Molecular biology analysis confirmed the presence of a homozygous mutation in the acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) gene. The patient received a special diet of deeply hydrolyzed protein milk powder and raw corn starch. She was followed about 6 months. There were no ketoacidotic episodes and hypoglycemia even when she had fever. In conclusion, patients with atypical features of T2 deficiency should also be investigated early. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry and next-generation full exome sequencing may be helpful in diagnosis.
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Objective To evaluate the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI) after cesarean section in secondary and above medical institutions in China since 2009,and provide data support for monitoring healthcare-associated infection(HAI).Methods Literatures on SSI following cesarean section published after 2009 were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Chinese Science&Technology Journal Database (VIP),Wanfang Database,and PubMed,quality of literatures was evaluated by referring to disease incidence or morbidity quality evaluation criteria,combined incidence of SSI was estimated by Meta analysis,subgroup analysis was performed according to the levels of the medical institutions.Results A total of 61 literatures were included in the study,19,36,and 6 literatures were with quality scores of 7,6,and 5 respectively,the overall quality of literatures was better.The total sample size was 173 319 cases,2 860 cases occurred SSI,incidence of SSI after cesarean section was 1.8％(95％CI[1.6％,2.0％]).Subgroup analysis showed that incidence of HAI in secondary medical institutions was 2.3％(95％ CI[1.8％,2.7％]),which was higher than 1.4％ (95％CI[1.2％,1.7％])of tertiary medical institutions.Conclusion Incidence of SSI after cesarean section in secondary and above medical institutions in China is high,and is different among different levels of medical institutions.Different monitoring baselines should be established according to actual condition,so as to guide HAI control work scientifically.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent adult leukemia in Western population, is characterized by accumulation of mature-looking CD5/19/23B cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs. Over the last 20 years, there has been a dramatic change in therapy for CLL, the complete response rate increased from the initial <5% to the current 40%-50%, this remarkable improvement has been attributable to combination of chemoimmunotherapy agents that have contributed to the backbone of therapy for patients with CLL. Especially over the past 5 years, there has been an explosion of new active agents that provide a very effective solution for patients with recurrent/refractory disease as well as those who harbor poor cytogenetic abnormalities. This review focuses on some of the novel small molecule drugs that have either been approved or are at the forefront of clinical development in the treatment of patients with CLL, including tyrosine kinase inhibitior ibrutinib, PI3K inhibitor idelalisib, Syk inhibitor, BCL-2 inhibitor and so on.
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Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for fatty liver, atherosclerosis, hyperviscosily, coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, the incidence of hyperlipidemia was gradually increased and showed younger trend. It has been a research hot point to study the etiology and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and develop a new drug reduced blood lipid. It is very important to prepare the animal model of hyperlipidemia for displaying the advantage of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic. However, the success of replicating animal model of hyperlipidemia is one of the key of research in experimental hyperlipidemia. The ideal animal model of hyperlipidemia should be similar to human disease, high repeatability, simple and high generalization. It will affect the reliability of the results and the accuracy of the whole experiment process to copy successfully animal models of hyperlipidemia. This review focused on the recent research progress on copying methods of animal models of experimental hyperlipidemia, which will provide reference and basis for the hypolipidemic developers who choose rationally and effectively replication methods of hyperlipidemia animal models.